Skeleton. Locality: Java. In Zoological Museum, Berlin, Germany.
3 skulls. Locality: Java. In Zoological Museum, Berlin, Germany.
Skull. Locality: Sumatra, Kapala Wuada. Collected by: Blandowski. In Zoological Museum, Berlin, Germany.
Mounted skin. Sex: Female. Locality: Java. In coll. Museum Zoologicum Bogorienses, Bogor, Indonesia.
Head. Sex: Male. Locality: South Sumatra. In coll. Museum Zoologicum Bogorienses, Bogor, Indonesia.
Skeleton. Locality: Java. In coll. Museum Zoologicum Bogorienses, Bogor, Indonesia.
Mounted skin. Sex: Female. Locality: Tenasserim. Collected by: T.R. Hubback. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Skeleton. Locality: Sumatra, 250 km southwest of Palembang. In coll. Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2 skeletons. In Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2 skulls. In Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Mounted hide. Sex: Female. Locality: Java. From Ward's Natural Science Establishment, 1880. In coll. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., USA
Skull. Locality: Sunderbunds, Bengal. In Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom.
Skull. Locality: Malay coast, opposite Penang. In Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom.
5 skulls. In Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom.
Mandible, molars. In Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom.
Mounted skin. In coll. National Museum of Victoria
Mounted skin. Locality: Java. In coll. Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden
Skull. Locality: Java. In coll. U.S. National Museum, Washington, USA
Skull, record horn. Locality: Java, Bantam. Collected by: Mr. Maxwell. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Skull. Locality: Sunderbunds, Bengal. In Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom.
Skull. Locality: West Java. Collected by: Buitenzorg Museum. In coll. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., USA
Skull. Collected by: Zoological Society of London. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Head. Sex: Male. Locality: South Sumatra. In coll. Museum Zoologicum Bogorienses, Bogor, Indonesia.
Skull. Locality: Sumatra, Kapala Wuada. Collected by: Blandowski. In Zoological Museum, Berlin, Germany.
Skeleton (imperfect). Locality: Sumatra. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Mounted hide. In Museum Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands.
2 mounted hide. Sex: Male. In coll. Museum of Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, Russia
Skeleton. In coll. Museum of Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, Russia
2 skulls. Museum of Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, Russia.
Skeleton. Locality: Sumatra, 250 km southwest of Palembang. In coll. Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Mounted skin. Locality: Sundarbans near the Ray Mangal River. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Mounted hide. Sex: Female. Locality: Java. From Ward's Natural Science Establishment, 1880. In coll. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., USA
Skull. Locality: West Java. Collected by: Buitenzorg Museum. In coll. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., USA
Mounted hide. Sex: Female. Locality: Java. In coll. Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Rochester N.Y., USA. 1880 to Cambridge, Mass.
Specimen unspecified. In Indian Museum, Calcutta, India. As Sclater 1891.
Mounted hide. Sex: Female. Locality: Java. From Ward's Natural Science Establishment, 1880. In coll. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., USA
Mounted hide. Sex: Female. Locality: Java. In coll. Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Rochester N.Y., USA. 1880 to Cambridge, Mass.
Skull. Locality: West Java. Collected by: Buitenzorg Museum. In coll. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., USA
Skull. Locality: Sumatra. Purchased from Gerrard, London, 1919. In coll. Western Reserve University, Laboratory of Anatomy, Cleveland Ohio, USA
Mounted head. Sex: Male. Locality: Pinjih valley, Perak. Federated Malay States Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Mounted head. Sex: Female. Locality: Kuala Serukoi, Perak. Federated Malay States Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Skull. Sex: Female. Locality: Kuala Serukoi, Perak. Federated Malay States Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Skeleton. Locality: Java. In Zoological Museum, Berlin, Germany.
Skull. Locality: Sumatra. Purchased from Gerrard, London, 1919. In coll. Western Reserve University, Laboratory of Anatomy, Cleveland Ohio, USA
Mounted skin. Sex: Female. Locality: Tenasserim. Collected by: T.R. Hubback. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Mounted skin. Locality: Sundarbans near the Ray Mangal River. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Skeleton. Locality: Java. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Skeleton (imperfect). Locality: Sumatra. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Skull, record horn. Locality: Java, Bantam. Collected by: Mr. Maxwell. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Skeleton. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Skull. Collected by: Zoological Society of London. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Skull. Collected by: Zoological Society of London. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Mounted skin. In Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
3 skeletons. In Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
2 skulls. In Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
3 skulls. Locality: Java. In Zoological Museum, Berlin, Germany.
Skull. Locality: Malay coast, opposite Penang. In Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom.
Skull. Collected by: Zoological Society of London. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Mounted skin. Sex: Female. Locality: Tenasserim. Collected by: T.R. Hubback. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Skull. Locality: Sumatra, Kapala Wuada. Collected by: Blandowski. In Zoological Museum, Berlin, Germany.
Skull. Sex: Female. Locality: Kuala Serukoi, Perak. Federated Malay States Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Mounted head. Sex: Female. Locality: Kuala Serukoi, Perak. Federated Malay States Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Mounted head. Sex: Male. Locality: Pinjih valley, Perak. Federated Malay States Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Skull. Locality: Sumatra. Purchased from Gerrard, London, 1919. In coll. Western Reserve University, Laboratory of Anatomy, Cleveland Ohio, USA
Skull. Locality: Java. In coll. U.S. National Museum, Washington, USA
Mounted skin. Locality: Java. In coll. Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden
Skull, record horn. Locality: Java, Bantam. Collected by: Mr. Maxwell. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Skeleton. Locality: Java. In Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
Mounted skin. Sex: Female. Locality: Java. In coll. Museum Zoologicum Bogorienses, Bogor, Indonesia.
Skeleton. Locality: Java. In coll. Museum Zoologicum Bogorienses, Bogor, Indonesia.
De Beaufort (1928) gives an account of a complete skeleton, presented to the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam, that was procured by a Mr. Keith, 250 kilometers South-West of Palembang, on that island.
G. H. Evans (1905), writing of rhinoceroses in Burma, says that the two-horned R. sumatrensis is the commoner, and that during the previous eight or nine years he had known of only two R. sondaicus having been killed by Europeans. They occurred only in certain areas of hilly country in Upper and Lower Burma.
Shortridge (1915) knew of but a single one shot by a European in southern Tenasserim, some years previously at Victoria Point, but doubts not that a number are killed at water holes by natives, with whom the blood and horns are in great demand as medicine. More recently, C. Boden Kloss (1927) writes that, though formerly fairly numerous in Tenasserim and Java, only a few dozen individuals now survive, all `strictly protected,' and that he has no evidence of the animal's presence in the Siamese portion of the Malay States.
It may be said, also, that the evidence for its occurrence in Borneo is far from good, being based in part on native report (see Sclater, 1869).
Rhinoceros sondaicus. Blanford discredits Jerdon's record of its presence in the forests of Orissa.
Rhinoceros sondaicus . Probably, however, the statement of its occurrence in the Sikkim Terai, based on Kinloch, is erroneous.
Rhinoceros sondaicus is easily told from the larger Indian rhinoceros (R. unicornis), not only by its smaller size but by the pebbly nature of its skin, which appears as if studded with wart-like nodules. In both there is a prominent fold transversely at the hip, another just back of the shoulder, and a third at the base of the neck, so that the body seems to be divided into sections. A difference appears in the neck, which in the Indian rhinoceros has the skin fold at its base curved backward across the shoulder until it nearly reaches the fold behind the shoulder, whereas in R. sondaicus the fold is more nearly transverse, running from in front of the leg to the summit of the neck, with a small fold from the occiput back to the middle of the main neck fold, cutting off a triangular area on the nape.
In Perak, lower Malay Peninsula, however, two individuals have been killed in the last thirty years, the mounted heads of which are now in the Selangor Museum of the Federated Malay States. The first of these was the locally famous Pinjih rhino, shot in 1899, in the Pinjih valley, Kinta district, by Sir George Maxwell. It was a male, standing 5 feet, 5.5 inches at the shoulder. This animal wase savage, and given to unprovoked attacks. The Pinjih rhino was a well-known individual and had been the terror of the valley long before the British occupation in 1874. It had killed at least three men and only large and well-armed parties went into its area.
In Perak, lower Malay Peninsula, however, two individuals have been killed in the last thirty years, the mounted heads of which are now in the Selangor Museum of the Federated Malay States. The second was a female, killed April 16, 1924, at Kuala Serukoi, near Telok Anson, in Perak, by an unlicensed hunter. The skull and head skin only are preserved at the Selangor Museum. Both these animals were savage, and given to unprovoked attacks. The 1924 cow rhino had come to notice through its having attacked a Chinese who was tapping jelutong in the forest. He was charged three times, tossed, and chased, but managed to escape. It was said that there was a second rhino in the neighborhood.
During the day they lie up in the shade on hillsides or on the summits of ridges above streams.
They swim well, crossing rivers.
In Perak, lower Malay Peninsula, however, two individuals have been killed in the last thirty years, the mounted heads of which are now in the Selangor Museum of the Federated Malay States. Both these animals were savage, and given to unprovoked attacks. The Pinjih rhino was a well-known individual and had been the terror of the valley long before the British occupation in 1874. It had killed at least three men and only large and well-armed parties went into its area. The 1924 cow rhino had come to notice through its having attacked a Chinese who was tapping jelutong in the forest. He was charged three times, tossed, and chased, but managed to escape. It was said that there was a second rhino in the neighborhood.
specimens Rhinoceros sondaicus, Berlin: Zoologisches Museum der Universitat: Dr. Pohle kindly informs us, in reply to inquiry, that the Museum has ... a skull from Kapala Wuada, Sumatra, collected by Blandowski.
until recently even its presence in Sumatra was questioned. Positive evidence is now forthcoming, however, that it still occurs in Sumatra, for De Beaufort (1928) gives an account of a complete skeleton, presented to the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam, that was procured by a Mr. Keith, 250 kilometers South-West of Palembang, on that island. The same writer, in summarizing 'various notes on the range of the species, mentions that according to Vageler (in ?Die Umschau,' vol. 31, p. 289, 1927) a big-game hunter, G.C. Hazewinkel, killed in Sumatra no less than eight, which were supposed to represent a new variety, but in fact appear absolutely identical with Javan specimens.
List of specimens Rhinoceros sondaicus. Although Dr. Pohle of the Museum in Berlin has been unable to trace the type of R. jamrachii, it may be that the specimen is still in Berlin which according to Sclater (1876) was taken in Manipur in 1874 and imported to London by the dealer, Jamrach. After remaining some time in London, it was transferred to the Berlin Zoological Gardens, where Peters pronounced it R. sondaicus, as had the zoologists in England. This determination did not satisfy Jamrach who, impressed by its large head, long ears, and the numerous boss-like excrescences of the skin, insisted that it represent an undescribed species. Since no naturalist would describe it, he decided to do so himself, and published an account of it in October, 1874, on a sheet of green paper, naming it Rhinoceros jamrachii. If the remains of the specimen were preserved, they constitute the type of this nominal species. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1880, p. 420) later announced that he believed this animal, as grown to adult size, represented R. unicornis. Since Professor Ward often got rare specimens from European Zoological Gardens it is by no means impossible that the specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology may be the lost type with the formal locality of 'Java' added. Specimens from Zoological Gardens have a way of getting wrong localities attached to them.
The skull is said to he easily distinguishable by the broader mesopterygoid fossa, with its palatal margin produced in the middle, and by its partially ossified nasal septum. The molar teeth differ in lacking the crista.
Rhinoceros sondaicus is easily told from the larger Indian rhinoceros (R. unicornis), not only by its smaller size but by the pebbly nature of its skin, which appears as if studded with wart-like nodules. In both there is a prominent fold transversely at the hip, another just back of the shoulder, and a third at the base of the neck, so that the body seems to be divided into sections. A difference appears in the neck, which in the Indian rhinoceros has the skin fold at its base curved backward across the shoulder until it nearly reaches the fold behind the shoulder, whereas in R. sondaicus the fold is more nearly transverse, running from in front of the leg to the summit of the neck, with a small fold from the occiput back to the middle of the main neck fold, cutting off a triangular area on the nape.
For many years there has been in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology a mounted specimen of Rhinoceros sondaicus. The specimen is a somewhat immature female, and in place of a horn, has merely a large knob on the end of the snout.
They occurred only in certain areas of hilly country in Upper and Lower Burma, preferring this type of terrain to the lowlands, and frequenting even mountainous districts. Shortridge (1915) confirms their hill-loving habits, saying that in the Dutch Indies they seem to be more of a mountain animal than is the Sumatran species.
For many years there has been in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology a mounted specimen of Rhinoceros sondaicus. The specimen is a somewhat immature female, and in place of a horn, has merely a large knob on the end of the snout.
In fighting bite with the large incisor teeth, use their horn, and finish by trampling an adversary.
They are partial to water, especially streams with rocky or shingly beds, and like to roll in wet mud.
