58-69, cf. PPA
33-42, cf. PPA
40-48, cf. PPA
38-46, cf. PPA
41-52, cf. PPA
44-52, cf. PPA
47-57, cf. PPA
45-54, cf. PPA
44-52, cf. PPA
The drastic decline in number of this once widely distributed animal began at the turn of the 20th century. Indiscriminate hunting practices in the past were responsible for the elimination of the rhino throughout Java.
Along Mekong and Songkoi Rivers
Along Mekong and Songkoi Rivers
21-28, cf. Schenkel. Very low proportion of young animals, no calves < 1 year.
12-14, cf. Talbot
22-34, cf. PPA
25 (10/15), cf Hoogerwerf.
54-60
Census 14-18 April 1984, carried out by 47 field workers,including 11 students from the Fakultas Biologi, Universitas nasional, Jakarta, along 11 trails in the area where the rhino was known to be present. Only footprints found along the trails were noted. The trails were set in a North-South direction, but topography precluded a systematic survey of the whole area. The fieldworkers recorded the measurements of the footprints, noted their direction, and estimated the `age' of the print. They also recoprded other rhino signs, like presence of mud holes, rhino wallows, remnants of food, droppings and urine. It was assumed that all footprints of the same measurement and foiund occurring in the same direction belonged to the same individual.
Map
30-35, cf Hoogerwerf
51-77, cf. PPA
50-54, census in April 1984.
53-59, cf. PPA
20-29, cf. Schenkel
57-66, cf. Ammann
54-62, cf. PPA
no census
46-55, cf. Ammann
1980-1983, 6 animals died - all in the same area, so it was thought that the population had reached optimal limnt. Exact cause of death remains unsolved.
no census
Reproductive growth rate 1980-83 was about 3-4 %.
During the period when U.K. was stricly patrolled [after 1969], there were no reported incidents of loss of rhino through poaching. Deaths occurred mainly from disease and old age.
In 1934, Frank shot a male Javan rhino at Karangnunggal, near Tasikmalaya. The mounted specimen is now kept in the Zoological Museum in Bogor. It was recorded as the last Javan rhino found outside Ujung Kulon.
Age classes. Classes I II III IV V Forefoot size (cm) 20 20-23 24-25 26-28 29-30 Age (yrs) ? ? - 1 1-2 F adult M adult M subadult F largest No. in 1984 census 0 3 20 110 14 Min/Max.individuals 0 3 9-11 31-33 7 End
Census 1984. Distribution is uneven. No footprints found along trail I, the area from Ciramea River westwards to the Tanjung Layar. In Gunung Payung complex and surroundings, few footprints found below the northern slope, none on the summit itself. In the Gunung Telanca area which extends northwards to the coast, and eastwards to the Nyiur and jamang swamps, few footprints. Footprints concentrations found in southern part of Gunung Telanca extending eastwards to the area of Citadahan, Cikeusik and Cibandawok. Footprints also in the north, near Tanjung Balagadigi, Cigenter and Cihandeuleum, and in the east to points beyond the Karang Ranjang area. In the easternmost area, footprints were found in Pangarok, close to Kalejetan, and a few found in Tanjung Tereleng area.
[After 1969], the Government of Indonesia and the World Wildlife Fnd cooperated in taking effective measures to strength the protection. Guard posts were established, and extra personnel were recruited and equipped with the means such as boats, ground vehicles and firearms, to deal with the poachers. U.K. was heavily patrolled, and census of animals was carried out annually.
Javn Rhino prefers flat lands and gentle slopes.
Population growth is limited owing to the relatively small habitat.
Ujung Kulon, Javan rhino prefers to live in dense vegetation in the forest.
Ujung Kulon, Java Classes I II III IV V Forefoot size (cm) 20 20-23 24-25 26-28 29-30 Age (yrs) ? ? - 1 1-2 F adult M adult M subadult F largest No. in 1984 census 0 3 20 110 14 Min/Max.individuals 0 3 9-11 31-33 7 End
