Post-pleistocene changes in the mammalian fauna of Borneo: archaeological evidence from the Niah caves

There is no evidence of any rhinoceros other than Dicerorhinus sumatrensis. The larger Rhinoceros sondaicus exists on Java, and also alongside the Sumatran Rhinoceros on continental SE Asia. Its presence in quaternary Borneo has been claimed by earlier authors, but re-examination of the fossils concerned does not support this identification. Some of the rhinoceros foot bones from Niah are larger than their homologues in the skeleton of recent D. sumatrensis but this difference could equally well signify increased body size in the Pleistocene antecedents of the modern population. An evolutionary change of this nature has already been demonstrated among Sumatran material of D. sumatrensis by Hooijer.