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Jones, M.L. 1993. Longevity of ungulates in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 32: 159-162.

Longevity of ungulates in captivity

Note
Location Captive Subject Ecology Species Black Rhino (bicornis)

Diceros bicornis, maximum 34 yrs, died 1948 Diceros bicornis michaeli, maximum 45 yrs 10 days, died 1980 Diceros bicornis brucii, maximum 9 yrs 10 days, died 1917

Note
Location Captive Subject Ecology Species Black Rhino (bicornis)

Rhinoceros unicornis, maximum 40 yrs 4 months, died 1904

Note
Location Captive Subject Ecology Species Black Rhino (bicornis)

Rhinoceros sondaicus, maximum 21 yrs, died 1907

Note
Location Captive Subject Ecology Species Black Rhino (bicornis)

Ceratotherium simum simum, maximum 40 yrs 8 months, alive 1987. Ceratotherium simum cottoni, maximum 35 yrs 4 mo, alive 1985.

Note
Location Captive Subject Ecology Species Black Rhino (bicornis)

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, maximum 32 yrs 8 mo, died 1900.

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Bigalke, R.C.; Bateman, J.A. 1962. On the status and distribution of ungulate mammals in the Cape province, South Africa. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums 2: 85-109.
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Deane, N.N.; Feely, J.M. 1974. The development of a South African game ranch. In: Geist, V.; Walther, F., The behaviour of ungulates and its relation to management. Morges, IUCN (Publications New series no. 24). vol. 2, pp. 882-88, 6 tables.
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Holub, E. 1890. Von der Capstadt ins Land der Maschukulumbe. Reisen im südlichen Afrika in den Jahren 1883-1887, vol. 2. Wien, Alfred Holder.
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Starrenburg, J. 1705. Journal of an expedition into the interior of Africa, 16 October – 7 December 1705. In: Valentyn, 1726. Oud en Nieuw Oostindiën.
Armor, G. de 1926. Une chasse au rhinoceros. Intrepide: Aventures, voyages, explorations 17 (838), 29 August 1926: 6-7.
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Rehse, T. 2014. An assessment of demographic parameters of African rhinoceros species (Diceros bicornis and Ceratotherium simum) and their significance to management in captivity. M.Sc. Thesis presented to the University of Pretoria. pp. 1-164.
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