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Jones, M.L. 1979. Longevity of mammals in captivity. International Zoo News 26 (3): 16-26.

Longevity of mammals in captivity

Note
Location World Subject Ecology Species Black Rhino (bicornis)

Diceros bicornis, maximum 43 yrs 4 mo, died 1978

Note
Location World Subject Ecology Species Black Rhino (bicornis)

Rhinoceros unicornis, maximum 40 yrs 4 months, died 1904.

Note
Location World Subject Ecology Species Black Rhino (bicornis)

Ceratotherium simum simum, maximum 31 yrs 0 months, alive 1977, Ceratotherium simum cottoni, maximum 28 yrs 5 mo, alive 1978

Note
Location World Subject Ecology Species Black Rhino (bicornis)

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, maximum 32 yrs 8 mo, died 1900.

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Bigalke, R.C.; Bateman, J.A. 1962. On the status and distribution of ungulate mammals in the Cape province, South Africa. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums 2: 85-109.
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Deane, N.N.; Feely, J.M. 1974. The development of a South African game ranch. In: Geist, V.; Walther, F., The behaviour of ungulates and its relation to management. Morges, IUCN (Publications New series no. 24). vol. 2, pp. 882-88, 6 tables.
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Holub, E. 1890. Von der Capstadt ins Land der Maschukulumbe. Reisen im südlichen Afrika in den Jahren 1883-1887, vol. 2. Wien, Alfred Holder.
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Armor, G. de 1926. Une chasse au rhinoceros. Intrepide: Aventures, voyages, explorations 17 (838), 29 August 1926: 6-7.
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Rehse, T. 2014. An assessment of demographic parameters of African rhinoceros species (Diceros bicornis and Ceratotherium simum) and their significance to management in captivity. M.Sc. Thesis presented to the University of Pretoria. pp. 1-164.
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