 Reference Base  Serum alpha-tocopherol, all-trans retinol, total lipids a... |
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World |
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Diseases |
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Black Rhino |
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Fatal haemolytic anaemia has often been observed in captive black rhinoceros. Miller et al. (1986) in their survey of North American, European and Japanese zoos reported 27 episodes in 21 animals of which 17 died. The aetiology of the disease is not well understood, although red cell parasites, heavy metals, toxins from food sources, auto-immune diseases and deficiency of essential nutrients have been suspected as possible causes. Douglass and Plue (1980) suggested leptospirosis as the cause of fatal haemolytic anaemia in both an 11 -year-old female and an imported 9-year-old male black rhinoceros.
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