THE RHINOCEROS OF SOUTH ASIA 

by Kees Rookmaaker

with chapters by Joachim K. Bautze and Kelly Enright

Now ready for publication at the start of 2024 – as bound volume and e-book.

For the e-book version, FUNDING IS REQUESTED to allow for publication as OPEN ACCESS. This would mean that everybody interested in the iconic rhinoceros of South Asia can view and read the book without charge from the date of publication.

CAMPAIGN FOR OPEN ACCESS OF THE E-BOOK VERSION UNTIL 10 SEPTEMBER 2023

THE RHINOCEROS OF SOUTH ASIA TO BE PUBLISHED BY BRILL IN EARLY 2024

in the series EMERGENCE OF NATURAL HISTORY https://brill.com/display/serial/ENH

Hardback and E-Book

This is a major reference work about the Greater One-Horned, Javan and Sumatran Rhinoceros species recorded in South Asia. Encyclopaedic in scope – textually, geographically, historically and visually – this is a comprehensive review of the human interactions of the rhinoceros in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Bangladesh.

The E-Book can be published as OPEN ACCESS, meaning that it is available for free to everybody as E-Version from the date of publication.

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Vital statistics: total 400,000 words, over 800 pages (215 x 297 mm), 38 new maps, 707 figures (531 in colour, 176 others), 67 chapters, 82 datasets, 75 tables, bibliography with 3065 references, index.

More information on The Rhinoceros of South Asia is available from this link to RRC.

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b. The Hardback of The Rhinoceros of South Asia has to be purchased separately – and no discounts are available for those participating in this campaign for open access of the E-Book version.

This campaign will end on Sunday 10 September 2023

This is a large illustrated book aimed at naturalists, conservationists and specialists interested in the rhinoceros. It is a major reference book based on a review of over 3000 written sources while extensively using photographs and art works, wherever a rhinoceros was mentioned or depicted from the 16th century to the present. There is information about all interactions between man and any of the three species once found in the region: the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros, the Javan Rhinoceros and the Sumatran Rhinoceros.

The book has 67 chapters largely arranged geographically. There are chapters about the fossil species, the art of the ancient rock shelters, interactions with the Mughal emperors, hunting records of the rulers of Nepal, of the Indian Maharajas like the famous shoots of Cooch Behar, and of the visiting royal families. Also about every specimen kept in captivity in South Asia until 1949, adding 75 GOHR and 9 Javan Rhinos previously unrecorded.

There are 38 new maps plotting all occurrences of rhinos. This is a summary of the Historical Distribution of each of the three species in the South Asian subcontinent.

There are 707 illustrations showing rhinos, many not previously published in zoological literature.

There is a chapter by Kelly Enright on the history of the rhinoceros and by Joachim K. Bautze on the rhinoceros found among the wall paintings in the palaces of Rajasthan.

The Javan and Sumatran Rhinoceros species are now extinct in South Asia. The Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros is listed as Vulnerable. The enormous conservation efforts are carefully followed in chapters about the national parks.

Kees Rookmaaker, the author of The Rhinoceros of South Asia, has been on the forefront of rhinoceros studies and research for over fifty years. He is the editor of the wide-ranging Rhino Resource Center which provides information of 27,000 references and displays 6000 images. The book will be published by Brill of The Netherlands in their exciting Emergence of Natural History series.

THE RHINOCEROS OF SOUTH ASIA

by Kees Rookmaaker

with chapters by Joachim K. Bautze and Kelly Enright

To be published by Brill in 2024

 CHAPTERS AND PARAGRAPHS

TITLE

Dedication

Chapter 1 – Introduction

§01.01  – The rhinos of South Asia

§01.02  – Survey of potential sources

§01.03 – Methods and conventions

§01.04 – Acknowledgements

§01.05 – Abbreviations

§01.06 – Acronyms

Chapter 2 – Reading Rhinos through the Lens of Human-Animal Studies 

 – by Kelly Enright

Section 1. THE GREATER ONE-HORNED RHINOCEROS Rhinoceros unicornis IN SOUTH ASIA

Chapter 3 – The Indian or Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis

Introducing the species

Chapter 4 – Taxonomy and nomenclature of Rhinoceros unicornis in South Asia

§04.01  – Taxonomy of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros

§04.02  – Principles of Nomenclature

§04.03  – The genus Rhinoceros and its synonyms

§04.04  – Names of the living species Rhinoceros unicornis

§04.05  – History of the specific name unicornis in genus Rhinoceros

§04.06  – The life of the First Lisbon Rhinoceros, or Dürer Rhinoceros, 1515-1516

§04.07  – History of the specific name rugosus in genus Rhinoceros

§04.08  – History of the specific name asiaticus in genus Rhinoceros 

§04.09  – History of the specific name indicus in genus Rhinoceros

§04.10  – Edward Blyth recognizing broad and narrow types of Rhinoceros species

§04.11  – History of the specific name stenocephalus in genus Rhinoceros

§04.12  – History of the specific name bengalensis in genus Rhinoceros

§04.13  – The life of the Liverpool Rhinoceros, 1838-1842

Chapter 5 – The Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in captivity in South Asia

§05.01  – Addition of 76 Rhinoceros unicornis in captivity in South Asia

§05.02  – Methods of Rhino Capture

§05.03  – Total number of captive R. unicornis in South Asia to 1949

§05.04  – List of specimens of R. unicornis in South Asia up to 1949

Chapter 6 – Records of the rhinoceros in captivity in independent Oudh

§06.01 Captive rhinos in Oudh – Lucknow 

§06.02 Capture of a rhinoceros in 1769

§06.03 Rhinoceros exhibited in 1789

§06.04 Clark’s Rhinoceros in London, 1790-1793

§06.05 Groups of rhinos during the reign of Nawab Ghazi-Ud-Din

§06.06 Rhinos fighting other rhinos and tigers

§06.07 The time of Nasir-Ud-Din in the 1820s

§06.08 A gift for King William IV in 1835

§06.09 Rhinos in Lucknow before the Annexation in 1856

§06.10 Rundheer’s Rhinoceros 1852-1858

§06.11 Sale of Oudh’s Menagerie in 1856

§06.12 King Wajid Shah in Kolkata

§06.13 Auction in Kolkata in 1887

Chapter 7 – Records of the rhinoceros in captivity in Baroda

§07.01 The menagerie of the Gaekwads of Baroda

§07.02 The rhinoceros of 1810

§07.03 The rhinoceros of 1823

§07.04 Rhino fights of the 1850s

§07.05 The rhino fight witnessed by Rousselet in 1865

§07.06 Rhino fights of the 1870s

§07.07 Rhino fights performed for the Prince of Wales in 1875

§07.08 Rhino fights of the 1880s

Chapter 8 – The discovery of the fossil record of rhinoceros in South Asia

§08.01 Discoveries of Siwaliks fossils

§08.02 The Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis

§08.03 Perim Island fossils

§08.04 Collections at the Asiatic Society in Kolkata

§08.05 Review by Richard Lydekker

§08.06 The fossil species of rhinoceros from South Asia

§08.07 Fossils from South and Central India

§08.08 Rhinoceros sondaicus in Pakistan

§08.09 Subfossil remains excavated in India

§08.10 Presence in Southern India

§08.11 The fossil record of South Asian rhinos

Chapter 9 – The rhinoceros in the rock art of Central India

§09.01 Rock Art depicting the rhinoceros

§09.02 Ghormangur Rock-Shelter

§09.03 The life of John Cockburn

§09.04 Rock art in Central India

§09.05 Rock art in Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra

§09.06 Age of the rock paintings

§09.07 Types of rhinoceros in rock art

§09.08 The rhinoceros in Mesolithic times

Chapter 10 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Harappan settlements

§10.01 First excavations of Mohenjo Daro

§10.02 List of Harappan artefacts depicting a rhinoceros

§10.03 The rhino species is only tentatively known

§10.04 Rhinoceros above a manger

§10.05 Harrappan bronze sculpture from Maharashtra

§10.06 The existence of the rhinoceros near the Indus River

Chapter 11 – The rhinoceros in the arts and sciences of the Mughal period

§11.01 The Mughal Empire

§11.02 The times of Babur

§11.03 Interpreting Babur’s records

§11.04 Illustrations of the Baburnama

§11.05 The rhinoceros in battle

§11.06 The times of Humayun

§11.07 The times of Akbar

§11.08 Mughal miniatures showing the rhinoceros

§11.09 The life of Abada, the Madrid Rhinoceros, 1577-1591

§11.10 The times of Jahangir

§11.11 Miniatures of Prince Salim with a rhinoceros

§11.12. Menageries with rhinos in Jahangir’s times

§11.13 The times of Shah Jahan

§11.14 The Hawking Party by Willem Schellinks

§11.15 The times of Aurangzeb

§11.16 Gifts of rhinos to Asian rulers

Chapter 12 – Exporting the rhinoceros of India to East and West

§12.01 Exporting the image of the rhinoceros

§12.02 The Wild Ass of Ctesias in the 5th century BCE

§12.03 The Rhinoceros of India in ancient Rome 

§12.04 Rhino horn exported to China 

§12.05 Rhino horns for the European Wunderkammer

§12.06 European beliefs in medicinal properties 

§12.07 Protective armour of rhinoceros skin 

§12.08 The rhinoceros in European literature

§12.09 Rhinoceros as allegory of America and Asia

Chapter 13 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Punjab

§13.01 Early records from Afghanistan and Pakistan

§13.02 Absence of rhinos in Punjab and North-Western India

§13.03 Shortughai: Harappan settlement in northern Afghanistan

§13.04 Ivory object from the ancient capital Kapici

§13.05 Rag-i Bibi, Afghanistan: rock relief of 3rd century

§13.06 Ibn Battuta: travels in 1333

§13.07 Timur Bec, 14th century

§13.08 Seydi Ali Reis at the Khyber Pass

§13.09 Lal Suhanra National Park, Pakistan

Chapter 14 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Gujarat

§14.01 Rhinos in Gujarat

§14.02 Rhinoceros in Cambaia

§14.03 Rhino horn as aphrodisiac

§14.04 Manufacture of shields from rhino hide

Chapter 15 – A pictorial survey of the rhinoceros in the art of Rajasthan

by Joachim K. Bautze

§15.01 The rhinoceros in Rajasthan

§15.02 The Hunted Rhinoceros

§15.03 The Fighting Rhinoceros

§15.04 The rhinoceros as part of the Royal Court

§15.05 The Unmolested Rhinoceros

§15.06 The rhinoceros as shown in a ragamala (r?gam?l?)

§15.07 The City of Jaipur and the rhinoceros

Chapter 16 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Madhya Pradesh

§16.01 Rhinos in Madhya Pradesh

§16.02 A rhino depicted at the Stupa of Sanchi

§16.03 Rhinoceros hunt in Raghogarh around 1695

Chapter 17 – Historical records of the rhinoceros from Himachal Pradesh to Uttarakhand

§17.01 The new state of Uttarakhand

§17.02 Prince Muhammed Shah in the Sirmaur Mountains in 1387 

§17.03 Valley of Dehradun

§17.04 Daniell observing a rhino at Kotdwara in 1789

§17.05 The last rhino in Pilibhit 

Chapter 18 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Uttar Pradesh

§18.01 Rhinos in Uttar Pradesh

§18.02 Archaeological evidence

§18.03 Al-Biruni’s History of India of 1017

§18.04 Ibn Battuta attacked by rhino near Bahraich

§18.05 The rhinoceros on maps of the 16th century 

§18.06 Horn trade reported by William Finch in 1608

§18.07 Tavernier feeding millet to a rhino in 1665

§18.08 Jean Gentil in Oudh, 1759-1777

§18.09 Hunts by Nawab Asaf-Ud-Daula of Oudh

§18.10 Rajahs of Benares (Varanasi)

§18.11 The last rhinos of Gorakhpur

Chapter 19 – Protecting the rhinoceros in Dudhwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh

§19.01 The establishment of Dudhwa National Park

§19.02 Preparations for reintroductions

§19.03 Reintroduction from Assam in 1984

§19.04 Reintroduction from Nepal in 1985

§19.05 Development of the population

§19.06 Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary

§19.07 Spreading the population within Dudhwa

§19.08 Proposed developments

Chapter 20 – The rhinoceros in Nepal

§20.01 The rhinoceros of Nepal

Chapter 21 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Western Nepal

§21.01 The western reaches of Nepal

§21.02 The Prince of Wales on the Sharda River in 1876

§21.03 The visit of Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1893

Chapter 22 – Protecting the rhinoceros in Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal

§22.01 Rhinos in Shuklaphanta

§22.02 Population structure

Chapter 23 – Protecting the rhinoceros in Bardia National Park, Nepal

§23.01 Rhinos in Bardia

§23.02 Translocations from Chitwan National Park

§23.03 Period of political unrest

§23.04 – Protecting rhinos in Bardia

Chapter 24 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Central Nepal

§24.01 The rhinoceros in Central Nepal

§24.02 The importance of the rhinoceros in Shradda ceremony

§24.03 Rhino horn products from Nepal

§24.04 The annual shooting camps of the 20th century

§24.05 Estimates of historical rhino numbers

§24.06 Rhino statues decorating the 17th century temple in Bhaktapur

§24.07 Observations of Italian missionaries in the 18th century

§24.08 Brian Hodgson discovers the fauna of Nepal

§24.09 The observations of the resident Thomas Smith in 1844

§24.10 Francis Baring in Nepal in 1873

§24.11 Olly, Earl de Grey on the Rapti River in 1883

§24.12 Kukris donated to Gordon Highlanders in 1898

§24.13 The shoots during the time of Maharaja Chandra Shumsher

§24.14 The Dirgha Man Chitrakar collection of photographs

§24.15 The annual shoot of 1907 with Manners-Smith

§24.16 The annual shoot of 1908 with the Maharaja of Bikaner

§24.17 Resident’s shoot of Christmas 1909

§24.18 The British Envoy Frederick O’Connor 1918-1925

§24.19 Raja Kirtyanand Sinha at Harahia in 1920

§24.20 Two rhinos captured for Frank Buck in 1922

§24.21 The Vernay-Faunthorpe Expedition of 1923 in the Gandak Valley

§24.22 The Roosevelt Expedition collects in Nepal in 1926

§24.23 Hewett and Catto in 1926

§24.24 The shoots during the time of Maharaja Bhim Shumsher

§24.25 Lord Ratendone in Chitwan in 1932

§24.26 The shoots during the time of Maharaja Juddha Shumsher

§24.27 The sporting diary of Maharaja Juddha Shumsher for 1933

§24.28 O’Connor accompanies the Duke of Sutherland in 1935

§24.29 The sporting diary of Maharaja Juddha Shumsher for 1936

§24.30 Baron Mannerheim of Finland in Nepal in 1937

§24.31 The Viceroy Lord Linlithgow in Chitwan in 1938

§24.32 The Tarpan ceremony of Kiran Shumsher in 1938

§24.33 The sporting diary of Maharaja Juddha Shumsher for 1939

§24.34 Sawari Hunting Camp in 1941

§24.35 The shoots after the return of monarchy from 1951

§24.36 The cricketer Vijay of Vizianagram in Nepal in the 1950s

§24.37 Kirpal Singh Majithia in the terai

§24.38 Permit of the Raja of Kasmanda in 1952

§24.39 Shradda-Tarpan ceremonies by Nepal Kings in 1953 and 1979

§24.40. The existence of rhino trophies

Chapter 25 – Encounters with the rhinoceros by the British Royal Family in Nepal

§25.01 Three royal shoots in Central Nepal

§25.02 George, Prince of Wales in West Nepal canceled in 1906

§25.03 King George V in Nepal in December 1911

§25.04 Edward, Prince of Wales, in Nepal in December 1921

§25.05 Queen Elizabeth II in Nepal in February 1961

Chapter 26 – Protecting the rhinoceros in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

§26.01 Chitwan in the wake of Rana Rule

§26.02 New human settlers in Chitwan

§26.03 Establishment of Royal Chitwan National Park

§26.04 Two early studies of rhinoceros ecology and behaviour

§26.05 Tiger Tops, the pioneering tourist lodge

§26.06 Changes in the National Park

§26.07 Rhino numbers in Chitwan

Chapter 27 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Eastern Nepal

§27.01 Rhinos in Eastern Nepal

§27.02 Sporadic early sightings

§27.03 A hunting pass for hunting in the eastern terai

§27.04 Prince Henri d’Orléans on the Kosi River in 1888

§27.05 The Viceroy Curzon in Morang in 1901

Chapter 28 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Bihar

§28.01 Rhinos in Bihar

§28.02 The ancient capital of Pataliputra

§28.03 Rhino-Slayer coins of Kumaragupta I

§28.04 Punch-marked coins with a rhinoceros

§28.05 Rhino hunts of King Puskara 

§28.06 The Jain saviour Shreyansanath with his rhinoceros emblem

§28.07 Peter Mundy’s visit to Bihar in 1632

§28.08 The Terryfying Woods behind Munger 

§28.09 Bowrey’s drawing at Patna in 1670

§28.10 Rhinoceros shipped to Europe in 1739

§28.11 Capture of a rhino by Vansittart in 1763

§28.12 A remarkable record on the Sone River in 1766

§28.13 Two animals seen on the Gandak River in 1767

§28.14 Rhinoceros on the map of Bihar by Gentil dated 1785

§28.15 Hogendorp’s accident in 1787

§28.16 The Oriental Field Sports of 1807

§28.17 The Foreign Field Sports of 1813

§28.18 An indigo plantation in Purnea in 1810

§28.19 The Percy Anecdotes of a hunt in 1815

§28.20 Indian Sport by D’Oyly of 1829

§28.21 A rhino hunt near Bettiah in 1848

§28.22 Hunt by Shillingford family in 1871

§28.23 James Inglis on the Kosi River in 1874

§28.24 Wodschow’s hunt in 1870s

§28.25 Hunting parties of the Maharaja of Darbhanga, 1880s

§28.26 Last Rhino in Champaran in 1939

§28.27 Valmiki Tiger Reserve

Chapter 29 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Rajmahal Hills, Jharkhand

§29.01 Rhinos in the Rajmahal Hills

§29.02 Rajmahal as hunting country

§29.03 Rhino capture near Sakrigali in 1757

§29.04 Daniell passing the Rajmahal Hills in 1788

§29.05 Governor Hastings in Rajmahal

§29.06 Attack on Alfred Duvaucel in 1823

§29.07 Rumours in the early 19th century

§29.08 Disappearance from Rajmahal around 1860

Chapter 30 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in former Undivided Bengal

§30.01 West Bangladesh and adjoing West Bengal

§30.02 Rangpur Division, Bangladesh

§30.03 Border of Mymensingh and Assam

§30.04 Dhaka Division, Bangladesh

§30.05 Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh

§30.06 Malda District, West Bengal

§30.07 Murshidabad District, West Bengal

§30.08 Terracotta temples in undivided Bengal

Chapter 31 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in North Bengal

§31.01 Rhinos in North Bengal

§31.02 Three rhino species in North Bengal

§31.03 Definition of three rhino regions in North Bengal

§31.04 “Rhinoceros Wilds” on map of 1768

§31.05 The rhino lands of Brion de la Tour in 1781

§31.06 The map of Bengal produced by Gentil in 1785

§31.07 The shoots of Harendra Narayan of Cooch Behar

§31.08 Fortescue on the Teesta River

§31.09 Beavan’s excursion from Jalpaigori in 1864

§31.10 A rhinoceros on the road to Buxa in 1865

§31.11 Thomas Andrew Donogh in Jalpaiguri

§31.12 The hunt by Henry John Elwes in 1870

§31.13 Rhino from the Bhutan terai shipped to London in 1875

§31.14 The Maharaja of Darbhanga in Jalpaiguri in 1877

§31.15 The six rhinos of Alexander Kinloch

§31.16. The Swedish tea-planter Möller in Moraghat in 1881

§31.17 A fictional rhino in Darjeeling Town in 1922

§31.18 Rewards allocated for the destruction of rhinos in Bengal

§31.19 Poaching and protection in the 1930s

§31.20 Changes in rhino numbers in North Bengal

Chapter 32 – The hunting camps of the Maharaja of Cooch Behar

§32.01 The rulers of Cooch Behar

§32.02 Thirty-Seven Years of Big Game Shooting in Cooch Behar (1908)

§32.03 Manuscript sources

§32.04 Sources on Cooch Behar hunts by participants

§32.05 Maharaja Nripendra and his family

§32.06 The practicalities of the shoots

§32.07 The total number of rhinos killed in Cooch Behar shoots

§32.08 Trophies

§32.09 The details of the annual shoots

§32.10 Shoots in Cooch Behar after 1908

§32.11 Sizes of rhinos connected with the Cooch Behar shoots

§32.12. Localities for rhinos in Cooch Behar

§32.13. Participants of the shoots

Chapter 33 – Protecting the rhinoceros in Gorumara National Park, West Bengal

§33.01 Rhino habitat of Gorumara

§33.02 Two rhino introductions from Assam

§33.03 Poachers kept at bay

§33.04 Current protection of the park

Chapter 34 – Protecting the rhinoceros in Jaldapara National Park, West Bengal

§34.01 The early years of protection in Jaldapara

§34.02 The photographer Bengt Berg

§34.03 Tourist potential in the 1930s and 1940s

§34.04 Management in the 1960s

§34.05 Measures to reduce poaching

§34.06 Esmond Bradley Martin

§34.07 Noteworthy developments in Jaldapara

Chapter 35 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Bhutan

§35.01 Rhinos in Bhutan

§35.02 Rhinoceros in the culture of Bhutan

§35.03 Stray rhinos crossing the Manas River into Bhutan

§35.04 Protection and illegal Trade

§35.05 Species of rhinos in Bhutan

Chapter 36 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in western Arunachal Pradesh

§36.01 R. unicornis in Arunachal Pradesh

§36.02 R. sondaicus in Arunachal Pradesh

§36.03 D. sumatrensis in Arunachal Pradesh

Chapter 37 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Meghalaya

§37.01 Rhinos in Meghalaya

§37.02 Garo Hills

§37.03 Khasi Hills

§37.04 Jaintia Hills

§37.05 Medieval rock sculpture in Jaintia Hills

§37.06 Blyth suggesting presence of R. sondaicus in Garo Hills

§37.07 Richard Cock in Garo Hills in 1864

§37.08 Pollok in Garo Hills in 1868

§37.09 Prince Napoleon in Garo Hills in 1886

§37.10 Synteng in Khasi Hills swamps in 1898

Chapter 38 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Assam

§38.01 Assam: Rhino Country

§38.02 The testimony of Fitzwilliam Pollok

§38.03 Population estimates of rhino in Assam

§38.04 Threats in the 20th century

§38.05 E.P. Gee, ambassador of Assam’s wildlife

§38.06 Survey of rhino populations

§38.07 Definition of eight rhino regions in Assam

§38.08 J.B. Chevalier in the Ahom Kingdom in 1755

§38.09 Rhinos at the Kamakhya Temple of Guwahati

§38.10 Thomas Craigie at Goalpara in 1777

§38.11 Tax on rhino horn in 19th century Cachar

§38.12 Tame rhinos pulling ploughs near Guwahati

§38.13 Rhinos from Goalpara In American Circuses in the 1830s

§38.14 Rhino group at Biswanath in 1836

§38.15 Rhino hunts at Lakhipur in the 1860s

§38.16 The Zamindar of Gauripur

§38.17 Hermann Schlagintweit in Assam in 1855

§38.18 An early photograph of a rhino taken in 1862 by Captain Speer

§38.19 The hunt by Henry Andrew Sarel in 1865

§38.20 Two rhinos killed by Willcocks drawn by Helen Graham

§38.21 Mayne Reid’s pulp fiction of 1882

§38.22 Stuart Baker in North Cachar

§38.23 The trophy of Firman

§38.24 Record horn obtained by Holland and Walker in 1892

§38.25 Vanderbyl and Elphinstone in Assam in 1899

§38.26 Rosie in the Ipswich Museum

§38.27 The museum of Charles Peel in Oxford

§38.28 The longest horn obtained by Thomas Briscoe in Tezpur District in 1909

§38.29 Rhino photograph by W.M. Nuttall

§38.30 Guy Wilson on the Manas River in 1911

§38.31 Frank Buck’s movie Fang and Claw 1935

§38.32 Hunting regulations and protection measures

§38.33 Strays from the Parks

§38.34 The spreading exposure in popular culture

Chapter 39 – Fitzwilliam Thomas Pollok in Assam

§39.01 Biography of Fitzwilliam Thomas Pollok

§39.02 Pollok’s publications

§39.03 Pollok hunting the rhinoceros in Assam

§39.04 Excursions in Assam and Shillong

§39.05 The outcome of the sporting trips

Chapter 40 – Protecting the rhinoceros in Manas National Park, Assam

§40.01 Rhinos in Manas

§40.02 Protecting rhino habitats in Manas

§40.03 Earl de Minto in Manas in 1907 and 1909

§40.04 Problems with poachers

§40.05 War and Bodo Movement

§40.06 New translocations in the 21st century

Chapter 41 – The rhinoceros in Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam

§41.01 Rhinos in Sonai Rupai

Chapter 42 – Protecting the rhinoceros in Orang National Park, Assam

§42.01 Rhinos in Orang

Chapter 43 – Protecting the rhinoceros in Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam

§43.01 Rhinos in Pabitora

Chapter 44 – Protecting the rhinoceros IN Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam

§44.01 Rhinos in Laokhowa

Chapter 45 – Protecting the rhinoceros in Kaziranga National Park, Assam

§45.01 The name of Kaziranga

§45.02 The declaration of Kaziranga Reserved Forest in 1908

§45.03 The apocryphal involvement of Lady Curzon

§45.04 Lord Curzon on game preservation

§45.05 Oscar Kauffmann in Kaziranga in 1907

§45.06 Kaziranga as a closed reserve

§45.07 Opening Kaziranga for visitors in 1937

§45.08 Rhino captures for exhibition

§45.09 Studies and visitors in the 1950s and 1960s

§45.10 Kaziranga as National Park and World Heritage Site

§45.11 Centre for Wildlife Rehabilitation and Conservation

§45.12 Indian Rhino Vision 2020

Section 2. THE JAVAN RHINOCEROS Rhinoceros sondaicus IN SOUTH ASIA

Chapter 46 – The Javan Rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus

Introducing the species

Chapter 47 – Taxonomy and nomenclature of Rhinoceros sondaicus in South Asia

§47.01 Taxonomy of the Javan Rhinoceros

§47.02 Name of the genus Rhinoceros

§47.03 Names of the living species Rhinoceros sondaicus

§47.04 Names for extralimital taxa

§47.05 History of the specific name sondaicus in genus Rhinoceros

§47.06 History of the specific name javanicus in genus Rhinoceros 

§47.07 History of the specific name camperis in genus Rhinoceros

§47.08 History of the specific name javanus in genus Rhinoceros

§47.09 History of the specific name camperii in genus Rhinoceros 

§47.10 History of the specific name inermis in genus Rhinoceros

§47.11 The life of Jamrach’s Rhinoceros of 1874

§47.12 History of the specific name jamrachi in genus Rhinoceros 

Chapter 48 – Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in captivity in South Asia

§48.01 Javan Rhinoceros in captivity

§48.02 Addition of 9 Rhinoceros sondaicus in captivity in South Asia

§48.03 List of specimens of R. sondaicus in South Asia up to 1905

Chapter 49 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Odisha

§49.01 Rhinos in Odisha (Orissa)

§49.02 The Dutch Factory at Pipli

§49.03 William Bruton in Bengalla in 1638

§49.04 Travels of Valentine Ball

§49.05 Rhinoceros in the toponym Gandograma

§49.06 Old and new representations

Chapter 50 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in the Western Sundarbans

§50.01 Rhinos in the Western Sundarbans

§50.02 Terracotta plaques at Chandraketugarh

§50.03 Terracotta plaque excavated at Dum-Dum

§50.04 Archaeological excavations of fossilized bones

§50.05 Effects of the cyclone of 1737

§50.06 Pennant’s View of Hindoostan of 1798

§50.07 The fabrications of Jacques Arago

§50.08 Saugor Island in the 1830s

§50.09 Slaughter in the Salt Lakes 

§50.10 An excursion of the Calcutta Tent Club

§50.11 Adventures invented by Philipp Körber

§50.12 Sundarbans fiction of Emilio Salgari

§50.13 Last vestiges and extinction

Chapter 51 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in the Eastern Sundarbans

§51.01 Rhinos in the Eastern Sundarbans of Bangladesh

§51.02 Portuguese clergy in the 16th century

§51.03 Excavated skeletal remains

§51.04 The Sundarbans survey of Hugh Morrieson in 1812

§51.05 The hornless female rhinos of Lamare-Picquot 1828

§51.06 Frank Simson at Phuljhuri (Barisal)

§51.07 Edward Baker in the Eastern Sundarbans

§51.08 Young female alive in London imported by Jamrach

§51.09 Prince Henri d’Orléans at Ishwaripur in 1888

§51.10 Viscount de Poncins on the Pizon Khalee in 1892

§51.11 Specimens of R. sondaicus in the Museum in Kolkata

§51.12 Six rhino specimens in the Kolkata collection from the Sundarbans

§51.13 Mounted hides in the Indian Museum

Chapter 52 – Records of Rhinoceros sondaicus in North Bengal and Assam

§52.01 Rhinoceros sondaicus in North Bengal and Assam

§52.02 The small rhino of Rangpur in 1837

§52.03 Pollok and the lesser rhinoceros at Tikrikillah in 1868

§52.04 The pugnacious rhino of the Teesta River in 1877 

§52.05 Kinloch’s encounters on the Teesta River in 1878

§52.06 The rhino skull collected from Moraghat in 1881 

§52.07. Sunder’s survey of Jalpaiguri in 1895

§52.08 The small rhinoceros of Chilapata killed by Grieve in 1900

§52.09 A.C. Green’s long-horned rhinoceros in Assam

§52.10 The existence of R. sondaicus in North Bengal and absence in Assam

Section 3. THE SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS Dicerorhinus sumatrensis IN SOUTH ASIA

Chapter 53 – The Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis

Introducing the species

Chapter 54 – Taxonomy and nomenclature of Dicerorhinus sumatrensis in South Asia

§54.01 Taxonomy of the Sumatran Rhinoceros

§54.02 The genus Dicerorhinus and its synonyms

§54.03 Names of the species Dicerorhinus sumatrensis

§54.04 Names for extralimital taxa

§54.05 History of the specific name sumatrensis in genus Rhinoceros (later Dicerorhinus)

§54.06 William Bell’s rhinoceros from Fort Marlborough, Sumatra

§54.07. History of the specific name sumatranus in genus Rhinoceros (later Dicerorhinus)

§54.08 History of the specific name lasiotis in genus Rhinoceros (later Dicerorhinus)

§54.09 The life of Begum, the Chittagong Rhinoceros

Chapter 55 – Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) in captivity in South Asia

§55.01 Sumatran Rhinoceros in captivity

§55.02 List of specimens of D. sumatrensis in South Asia

Chapter 56 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Chittagong

§56.01 Rhinos in Chittagong

§56.02 Begum, the first captive rhino from Chittagong

§56.03 Recollections 1850-1872

§56.04 Muni Begum, the second captive rhino from Chittagong

§56.05 Teaplanter Higgins in 1891

§56.06 Rhino trade in Cox’s Bazar in 1967

Chapter 57 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Mizoram

§57.01 Rhinos in Mizoram

§57.02 Tanner follows rhino trails in 1872

§57.03 Stewart received permit in 1888

§57.04 Gurkhas kill a rhino in South Lushai in 1906

§57.05 Theodor Krummel advertising for live rhinos in 1908

§57.06 Gordon follows rhino tracks in 1911

§57.07 Henry Stotesbury Wood and his rhino classification

Chapter 58 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Tripura

§58.01 Possible absence of rhinos in Tripura

§58.02 Rhino killed in Comillah in 1876

Chapter 59 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Sylhet Division

§59.01 Absence of rhinos in Sylhet, Bangladesh

§59.02 Captures impossible in 1822

§59.03 Gordon Fraser at Shamshernagar

Chapter 60 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Lower Assam

§60.01 Rhinos in Lower Assam

§60.02 Double-horned rhino near Chargola in 1870s

§60.03 Synteng in South Assam

§60.04 Reports submitted by Edward Baker in 1887

Chapter 61 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Manipur

§61.01 Rhinos in Manipur

§61.02 Grant in the Angoching hills in 1832

§61.03 Godwin-Austen believed rhinos were extinct in 1873

§61.04 Higgins finds a rhino skull in 1913

§61.05 Choudhury records recent traces in Ukhrul

Chapter 62 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Nagaland

§62.01 Rhinos in Nagaland

§62.02 The slopes of Mt. Saramati on the Indo-Burmese border

§62.03 Imaginary sighting by Travis on the Burmese border

§62.04 Skulls preserved by villagers in Noklak

Chapter 63 – Historical records of the rhinoceros in Eastern Arunachal Pradesh

§63.01 Rhinos in Eastern Arunachal Pradesh

§63.02 Reports from the Dihing River

§63.03 The expedition of Prince Henri d’Orléans

§63.04 Two horns of the Singpho Rhinoceros

§63.05 Kachin State in Myanmar

§63.06 A rhino sighting in the Mishmi Hills in 1952

§63.07 Conservation in Tirap

Chapter 64 – Records for Dicerorhinus sumatrensis in North Bengal and Assam

§64.01 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis in Bengal and Assam

§64.02 Blyth on a two-horned rhino in Lower Assam 

§64.03 Cutter’s specimen of 1867

§64.04 Napier Sturt on Sankosh River in 1875 

§64.05 Sunder on Dalgaon Forest

§64.06 The existence of D. sumatrensis in North Bengal and Assam

EPILOGUE

Chapter 65 – The historical range of the Greater One-horned Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis in South Asia

§65.01 The historical distribution of Rhinoceros unicornis

§65.02 Definition of Historical Distribution

§65.03 Protohistorical distribution of R. unicornis

§65.04 Mapping the distribution of R. unicornis

§65.05 The road to extinction and successful conservation

§65.06 New maps of the Historical Distribution of Rhinoceros unicornis in South Asia

Chapter 66 – The historical range of the Javan Rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus in South Asia

§66.01 The historical distribution of Rhinoceros sondaicus

§66.02 Mapping the distribution of R. sondaicus

§66.03 Extinction of R. sondaicus in South Asia

§66.04 New map of the Historical Distribution of Rhinoceros sondaicus in South Asia

Chapter 67 – The historical range of the Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis in South Asia

§67.01 The historical distribution of Dicerorhinus sumatrensis

§67.02 Rhino species in North-East India and Chittagong

§67.03 Paucity of records

§67.04 Mapping the distribution of D. sumatrensis

§67.05 Extinction of D. sumatrensis in South Asia

§67.06 New map of the Historical Distribution of Dicerorhinus sumatrensis in South Asia

Bibliography (3065 references)

Index

In Memoriam
It is with deep sadness that we have learned of the passing of .
Sandy Rookmaaker 
on the 17th September 2016. Sandy left behind her three children, seven grandchildren  and loving husband Kees Rookmaaker, the director and chief editor of the RRC. - RRC Team

The Rhino Resource Center is a registered charity aiming to collect and distribute information about the rhinoceros, of which all existing species are on the brink of extinction. For funding opportunities, look here.